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John Edward Arnold (March 14, 1913 – September 28, 1963) was an American Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Professor of Business Administration at Stanford University. He was a pioneer in scientifically defining and advancing inventiveness, based on the psychology of creative thinking and imagination.〔Parnes & Harding, 2006, p. 127.〕〔Pulos, 1990, p. 185.〕 == Biography == John Arnold was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He received the B.A. Psychology in 1934 from the University of Minnesota and a M.S. Mechanical Engineering in 1940 from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Subsequently, he served in industry as a mechanical designer and research engineer. He taught at MIT from 1942 to 1957, developing the first Creative Engineering Laboratory.〔Kays et al.1963.〕 In the 1950s Arnold sought to shift the meaning of design from being “the language used to tell fabrication and assembly where to make their cuts” to “the language of innovation,” by which engineers expressed their imagination.〔Hapgood, 1993, p. 110.〕 He moved to Stanford University in 1957 with a joint appointment as Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Professor of Business Administration. He was founding Director of the Design Division of the Mechanical Engineering Department, continuing to formulate and teach about creativity in engineering.〔Stanford University, 1957–1963.〕 He died at the age of 50 of a heart attack while traveling in Italy on sabbatical; he had planned to write a book on the philosophy of engineering.〔The Stanford Daily, 1963, p.1.〕 Arnold taught summer seminars in creativity for manufacturing engineers, military researchers, and industrial designers (1953-1956 at MIT and continuing at Stanford).〔〔 The 1956 summer program was particularly influential, including a presentation by R. Buckminster Fuller on the “comprehensive designer,” J. P. Guilford’s concept of measuring and developing creativity,〔Parnes & Harding, 2006, pp. 151–168.〕 and A. H. Maslow’s “Emotional Blocks to Creativity,” 〔Maslow, 1962.〕 with considerable attention given to Alex Faickney Osborn’s notion of “brainstorming."〔 Arnold consulted for government agencies and large American companies, including General Electric, Ford, Alcoa Aluminum, Corning Glass, RCA, and Bell Laboratories, advising how to manage “creative personnel” for new project development and increased R&D productivity. He was a major consultant for the General Motors Corporation’s AC Spark Plug Division creativity program, one of the first industrial organizations to promote creative thinking.〔〔〔Tudor, 1999, p. 321〕〔The Times (San Mateo), 1963, p. 21.〕〔Smith, 1959, pp. 33-34.〕 On his passing, Arnold’s Stanford colleagues described him as “an uncommon man...a visionary thinker who set trends in design education.” They said he was “warmly human, an outstanding and articulate speaker...sought by many groups to contribute to their programs.” 〔 Stanford’s Mechanical Engineering Design Group continues to develop Arnold’s design methodology, combining creativity and technology with a "concern for human values and the needs of society."〔Stanford Engineering Design Group.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John E. Arnold」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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